Annular Solar Eclipse of June 1, 2030
The ring of fire crosses Libya, Algeria, Tunisia, Malta, Greece, Turkey and 5 more countries
On Saturday, June 1, 2030, the Moon's antumbra sweeps a path about 250 km wide with up to 5 min 21 s of annularity at greatest eclipse (06:28 UT). Of the cities we track, Seversk (Russia) gets the longest: 5 min 20 s. A partial eclipse is visible from all of Europe and parts of Africa and Asia.
Shading: the largest part of the Sun's diameter covered while the Sun is above the horizon (eclipse magnitude), computed on a 2° grid; contours every 20%. Outside the outer line the eclipse is not visible.
Path limits and central line: NASA path table (Espenak). Near the edges totality is short; the closer to the central line, the longer it lasts.
Times for your city
| Phase | Local time (UTC+3) | Sun height |
|---|---|---|
| Partial eclipse begins | 06:55 | 13° |
| Annular phase begins | 08:02 | 25° |
| Maximum | 08:04 | 26° |
| Annular phase ends | 08:06 | 26° |
| Partial eclipse ends | 09:22 | 41° |
Search any of about 7,000 cities: every city over 100,000 people worldwide, plus the 1,075 cities on this site. Local time, Sun height above the horizon.
How the eclipse unfolds
- 03:34 UTPartial eclipse begins (first place on Earth)
- 04:47 UTAnnular phase begins
- 06:28 UTGreatest eclipse
- 08:08 UTAnnular phase ends
- 09:21 UTPartial eclipse ends (last place on Earth)
Times in UT (Universal Time, the same as GMT). From first to last contact anywhere on Earth: 5 h 46 min (5.8 hours).
Cities in the path of annularity
102 cities over 100,000 people| City | Begins | Ring | Duration | Ends | Covered | Sun | Zone |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tripoli Libya | at sunrise | 06:49 | 3m 54s | 07:59 | 87% | 9° | EET |
| Athens Greece | 06:51 | 07:56 | 4m 01s | 09:12 | 88% | 20° | EEST |
| Nilüfer Turkey | 06:54 | 08:01 | 3m 20s | 09:21 | 88% | 25° | UTC+3 |
| Bursa Turkey | 06:54 | 08:01 | 3m 04s | 09:21 | 88% | 25° | UTC+3 |
| Beylikdüzü Turkey | 06:55 | 08:01 | 4m 36s | 09:22 | 88% | 25° | UTC+3 |
| Küçükçekmece Turkey | 06:55 | 08:01 | 4m 34s | 09:22 | 88% | 26° | UTC+3 |
| Maltepe Turkey | 06:55 | 08:02 | 4m 24s | 09:22 | 88% | 26° | UTC+3 |
| Esenyurt Turkey | 06:55 | 08:01 | 4m 37s | 09:22 | 88% | 26° | UTC+3 |
| Bahçelievler Turkey | 06:55 | 08:02 | 4m 33s | 09:22 | 88% | 26° | UTC+3 |
| Istanbul Turkey | 06:55 | 08:02 | 4m 32s | 09:22 | 88% | 26° | UTC+3 |
| Bağcılar Turkey | 06:55 | 08:02 | 4m 35s | 09:22 | 88% | 26° | UTC+3 |
| Esenler Turkey | 06:55 | 08:02 | 4m 35s | 09:22 | 88% | 26° | UTC+3 |
| Üsküdar Turkey | 06:55 | 08:02 | 4m 32s | 09:22 | 88% | 26° | UTC+3 |
| Umraniye Turkey | 06:55 | 08:02 | 4m 29s | 09:23 | 88% | 26° | UTC+3 |
| Sancaktepe Turkey | 06:55 | 08:02 | 4m 25s | 09:23 | 88% | 26° | UTC+3 |
| Sultangazi Turkey | 06:55 | 08:02 | 4m 36s | 09:22 | 88% | 26° | UTC+3 |
| Sevastopol Ukraine | 07:00 | 08:10 | 3m 47s | 09:34 | 88% | 31° | MSK |
| Krasnodar Russia | 07:02 | 08:15 | 3m 19s | 09:42 | 88% | 35° | MSK |
| Rostov-on-Don Russia | 07:06 | 08:19 | 4m 19s | 09:46 | 89% | 37° | MSK |
| Volgograd Russia | 07:10 | 08:25 | 4m 57s | 09:56 | 89% | 41° | MSK |
| Orenburg Russia | 09:21 | 10:42 | 4m 48s | 12:17 | 89% | 48° | UTC+5 |
| Chelyabinsk Russia | 09:33 | 10:58 | 0m 50s | 12:31 | 89% | 51° | UTC+5 |
| Omsk Russia | 10:45 | 12:15 | 2m 47s | 13:51 | 89% | 56° | UTC+6 |
| Tomsk Russia | 12:03 | 13:33 | 5m 17s | 15:07 | 89% | 55° | UTC+7 |
| Krasnoyarsk Russia | 12:15 | 13:46 | 4m 52s | 15:18 | 89% | 54° | UTC+7 |
| Bei’an China | 14:16 | 15:39 | 2m 18s | 16:55 | 88% | 34° | CST |
| Hegang China | 14:22 | 15:43 | 3m 59s | 16:57 | 88% | 31° | CST |
| Jiamusi China | 14:23 | 15:45 | 1m 54s | 16:58 | 88% | 31° | CST |
| Shuangyashan China | 14:24 | 15:45 | 2m 59s | 16:59 | 88% | 31° | CST |
| Sapporo Japan | 15:41 | 16:54 | 4m 19s | 18:03 | 88% | 21° | JST |
All 102 cities in the path
| City | Begins | Ring | Duration | Ends | Covered | Sun | Zone |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Al Khums Libya | at sunrise | 06:49 | 2m 05s | 07:59 | 87% | 10° | EET |
| Qaşr Bin Ghashīr Libya | at sunrise | 06:48 | 3m 36s | 07:58 | 87% | 9° | EET |
| Zawiya Libya | at sunrise | 06:48 | 3m 59s | 07:58 | 87% | 9° | EET |
| Az Zāwīyah Libya | at sunrise | 06:48 | 4m 00s | 07:58 | 87% | 9° | EET |
| Janzūr Libya | at sunrise | 06:49 | 3m 55s | 07:58 | 87% | 9° | EET |
| Tājūrā’ Libya | at sunrise | 06:49 | 3m 48s | 07:59 | 87% | 9° | EET |
| Tripoli Libya | at sunrise | 06:49 | 3m 54s | 07:59 | 87% | 9° | EET |
| Al Ajaylat Libya | at sunrise | 06:49 | 4m 09s | 07:58 | 87% | 8° | EET |
| Al Jumayl Libya | at sunrise | 06:49 | 4m 17s | 07:58 | 87% | 8° | EET |
| Gabès Tunisia | at sunrise | 05:52 | 1m 23s | 06:59 | 87% | 7° | CET |
| San Pawl il-Baħar Malta | 05:53 | 06:54 | 0m 42s | 08:04 | 87% | 12° | CEST |
| Piraeus Greece | 06:51 | 07:55 | 4m 01s | 09:12 | 88% | 20° | EEST |
| Kallithéa Greece | 06:51 | 07:56 | 3m 59s | 09:12 | 88% | 20° | EEST |
| Athens Greece | 06:51 | 07:56 | 4m 01s | 09:12 | 88% | 20° | EEST |
| Peristéri Greece | 06:52 | 07:56 | 4m 05s | 09:12 | 88% | 20° | EEST |
| Pátra Greece | 06:52 | 07:56 | 4m 21s | 09:11 | 88% | 19° | EEST |
| Lárisa Greece | 06:54 | 07:59 | 2m 12s | 09:14 | 88% | 20° | EEST |
| Balıkesir Turkey | 06:53 | 08:00 | 3m 11s | 09:19 | 88% | 24° | UTC+3 |
| Çanakkale Turkey | 06:54 | 07:59 | 4m 36s | 09:18 | 88% | 23° | UTC+3 |
| Mustafakemalpaşa Turkey | 06:53 | 08:00 | 3m 32s | 09:20 | 88% | 25° | UTC+3 |
| Bandırma Turkey | 06:54 | 08:00 | 4m 23s | 09:20 | 88% | 25° | UTC+3 |
| İnegol Turkey | 06:53 | 08:02 | 1m 14s | 09:21 | 88% | 26° | UTC+3 |
| Nilüfer Turkey | 06:54 | 08:01 | 3m 20s | 09:21 | 88% | 25° | UTC+3 |
| Bursa Turkey | 06:54 | 08:01 | 3m 04s | 09:21 | 88% | 25° | UTC+3 |
| Tekirdağ Turkey | 06:55 | 08:01 | 4m 33s | 09:21 | 88% | 25° | UTC+3 |
| Gebze Turkey | 06:54 | 08:02 | 4m 03s | 09:22 | 88% | 26° | UTC+3 |
| Derince Turkey | 06:54 | 08:02 | 3m 35s | 09:23 | 88% | 26° | UTC+3 |
| Beylikdüzü Turkey | 06:55 | 08:01 | 4m 36s | 09:22 | 88% | 25° | UTC+3 |
| Büyükçekmece Turkey | 06:55 | 08:01 | 4m 37s | 09:22 | 88% | 25° | UTC+3 |
| İzmit Turkey | 06:54 | 08:02 | 3m 28s | 09:23 | 88% | 26° | UTC+3 |
| Küçükçekmece Turkey | 06:55 | 08:01 | 4m 34s | 09:22 | 88% | 26° | UTC+3 |
| Çorlu Turkey | 06:55 | 08:01 | 4m 32s | 09:22 | 88% | 25° | UTC+3 |
| Maltepe Turkey | 06:55 | 08:02 | 4m 24s | 09:22 | 88% | 26° | UTC+3 |
| Esenyurt Turkey | 06:55 | 08:01 | 4m 37s | 09:22 | 88% | 26° | UTC+3 |
| Bahçelievler Turkey | 06:55 | 08:02 | 4m 33s | 09:22 | 88% | 26° | UTC+3 |
| Zeytinburnu Turkey | 06:55 | 08:02 | 4m 32s | 09:22 | 88% | 26° | UTC+3 |
| Istanbul Turkey | 06:55 | 08:02 | 4m 32s | 09:22 | 88% | 26° | UTC+3 |
| Ataşehir Turkey | 06:55 | 08:02 | 4m 27s | 09:22 | 88% | 26° | UTC+3 |
| Fatih Turkey | 06:55 | 08:02 | 4m 33s | 09:22 | 88% | 26° | UTC+3 |
| Sultanbeyli Turkey | 06:55 | 08:02 | 4m 22s | 09:23 | 88% | 26° | UTC+3 |
| Bağcılar Turkey | 06:55 | 08:02 | 4m 35s | 09:22 | 88% | 26° | UTC+3 |
| Esenler Turkey | 06:55 | 08:02 | 4m 35s | 09:22 | 88% | 26° | UTC+3 |
| Üsküdar Turkey | 06:55 | 08:02 | 4m 32s | 09:22 | 88% | 26° | UTC+3 |
| Umraniye Turkey | 06:55 | 08:02 | 4m 29s | 09:23 | 88% | 26° | UTC+3 |
| Sancaktepe Turkey | 06:55 | 08:02 | 4m 25s | 09:23 | 88% | 26° | UTC+3 |
| Şişli Turkey | 06:55 | 08:02 | 4m 33s | 09:22 | 88% | 26° | UTC+3 |
| Adapazarı Turkey | 06:54 | 08:03 | 2m 46s | 09:23 | 88% | 27° | UTC+3 |
| Başakşehir Turkey | 06:55 | 08:02 | 4m 37s | 09:22 | 88% | 26° | UTC+3 |
| Sultangazi Turkey | 06:55 | 08:02 | 4m 36s | 09:22 | 88% | 26° | UTC+3 |
| Arnavutköy Turkey | 06:55 | 08:02 | 4m 39s | 09:22 | 88% | 26° | UTC+3 |
| Edirne Turkey | 06:56 | 08:03 | 2m 12s | 09:21 | 88% | 24° | UTC+3 |
| Zonguldak Turkey | 06:55 | 08:04 | 2m 41s | 09:26 | 88% | 28° | UTC+3 |
| Sevastopol Ukraine | 07:00 | 08:10 | 3m 47s | 09:34 | 88% | 31° | MSK |
| Simferopol Ukraine | 07:01 | 08:11 | 3m 37s | 09:35 | 88% | 31° | MSK |
| Novorossiysk Russia | 07:01 | 08:13 | 3m 59s | 09:39 | 88% | 34° | MSK |
| Kerch Ukraine | 07:02 | 08:13 | 4m 43s | 09:39 | 88% | 34° | MSK |
| Krasnodar Russia | 07:02 | 08:15 | 3m 19s | 09:42 | 88% | 35° | MSK |
| Berdyansk Ukraine | 07:04 | 08:18 | 0m 02s | 09:42 | 88% | 34° | EEST |
| Taganrog Russia | 07:06 | 08:19 | 3m 27s | 09:45 | 88% | 36° | MSK |
| Bataysk Russia | 07:06 | 08:19 | 4m 29s | 09:46 | 89% | 37° | MSK |
| Rostov-on-Don Russia | 07:06 | 08:19 | 4m 19s | 09:46 | 89% | 37° | MSK |
| Novocherkassk Russia | 07:06 | 08:20 | 4m 16s | 09:47 | 89% | 37° | MSK |
| Shakhty Russia | 07:07 | 08:20 | 3m 43s | 09:48 | 89% | 37° | MSK |
| Volgodonsk Russia | 07:07 | 08:21 | 4m 56s | 09:50 | 89% | 39° | MSK |
| Volgograd Russia | 07:10 | 08:25 | 4m 57s | 09:56 | 89% | 41° | MSK |
| Volzhsky Russia | 07:10 | 08:26 | 4m 58s | 09:56 | 89% | 41° | MSK |
| Kamyshin Russia | 07:13 | 08:30 | 2m 54s | 09:59 | 89% | 41° | MSK |
| Oral Kazakhstan | 09:18 | 10:37 | 5m 05s | 12:11 | 89% | 46° | UTC+5 |
| Orenburg Russia | 09:21 | 10:42 | 4m 48s | 12:17 | 89% | 48° | UTC+5 |
| Salavat Russia | 09:25 | 10:47 | 3m 48s | 12:20 | 89% | 48° | UTC+5 |
| Sterlitamak Russia | 09:25 | 10:48 | 2m 38s | 12:21 | 89% | 48° | UTC+5 |
| Magnitogorsk Russia | 09:27 | 10:50 | 5m 13s | 12:26 | 89% | 50° | UTC+5 |
| Chelyabinsk Russia | 09:33 | 10:58 | 0m 50s | 12:31 | 89% | 51° | UTC+5 |
| Kostanay Kazakhstan | 09:31 | 10:58 | 0m 53s | 12:34 | 89% | 53° | UTC+5 |
| Kurgan Russia | 09:37 | 11:02 | 4m 18s | 12:37 | 89% | 52° | UTC+5 |
| Petropavl Kazakhstan | 09:40 | 11:07 | 4m 45s | 12:44 | 89% | 55° | UTC+5 |
| Omsk Russia | 10:45 | 12:15 | 2m 47s | 13:51 | 89% | 56° | UTC+6 |
| Seversk Russia | 12:03 | 13:33 | 5m 20s | 15:07 | 89% | 55° | UTC+7 |
| Tomsk Russia | 12:03 | 13:33 | 5m 17s | 15:07 | 89% | 55° | UTC+7 |
| Achinsk Russia | 12:11 | 13:42 | 5m 05s | 15:15 | 89% | 55° | UTC+7 |
| Krasnoyarsk Russia | 12:15 | 13:46 | 4m 52s | 15:18 | 89% | 54° | UTC+7 |
| Kansk Russia | 12:19 | 13:50 | 5m 16s | 15:21 | 89% | 53° | UTC+7 |
| Bratsk Russia | 13:29 | 14:59 | 4m 49s | 16:27 | 89% | 50° | UTC+8 |
| Jiagedaqi China | 14:09 | 15:32 | 4m 54s | 16:51 | 89% | 37° | CST |
| Blagoveshchensk Russia | 15:14 | 16:36 | 3m 22s | 17:52 | 88% | 34° | UTC+9 |
| Heihe China | 14:14 | 15:36 | 3m 30s | 16:52 | 88% | 34° | CST |
| Aihui China | 14:15 | 15:36 | 4m 10s | 16:52 | 88% | 34° | CST |
| Bei’an China | 14:16 | 15:39 | 2m 18s | 16:55 | 88% | 34° | CST |
| Yichun China | 14:20 | 15:41 | 3m 34s | 16:57 | 88% | 33° | CST |
| Lianhe China | 14:21 | 15:44 | 1m 16s | 16:58 | 88% | 32° | CST |
| Hegang China | 14:22 | 15:43 | 3m 59s | 16:57 | 88% | 31° | CST |
| Jiamusi China | 14:23 | 15:45 | 1m 54s | 16:58 | 88% | 31° | CST |
| Shuangyashan China | 14:24 | 15:45 | 2m 59s | 16:59 | 88% | 31° | CST |
| Baoshan China | 14:25 | 15:45 | 2m 59s | 16:59 | 88% | 30° | CST |
| Asahikawa Japan | 15:40 | 16:53 | 4m 12s | 18:02 | 88% | 21° | JST |
| Kitami Japan | 15:41 | 16:54 | 2m 43s | 18:01 | 88% | 20° | JST |
| Otaru Japan | 15:40 | 16:54 | 4m 18s | 18:03 | 88% | 22° | JST |
| Ebetsu Japan | 15:41 | 16:54 | 4m 25s | 18:03 | 88% | 21° | JST |
| Sapporo Japan | 15:41 | 16:54 | 4m 19s | 18:03 | 88% | 21° | JST |
| Obihiro Japan | 15:42 | 16:54 | 4m 31s | 18:03 | 88% | 20° | JST |
| Kushiro Japan | 15:43 | 16:55 | 4m 04s | 18:02 | 88% | 19° | JST |
| Tomakomai Japan | 15:42 | 16:55 | 3m 54s | 18:04 | 88% | 21° | JST |
Local times (24-hour clock). Duration: how long the Moon covers the Sun completely at the city centre; it changes by seconds across a city.
Partial eclipse in the world's biggest cities
sorted by how much of the Sun is covered| City | Begins | Maximum | Ends | Covered | Sun | Zone |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Harbin China | 14:20 | 15:45 | 16:59 | 84% | 34° | CST |
| Tokyo Japan | 15:53 | 17:07 | 18:13 | 72% | 19° | JST |
| Moscow Russia | 07:22 | 08:36 | 09:56 | 71% | 36° | MSK |
| Shenyang China | 14:23 | 15:50 | 17:04 | 71% | 35° | CST |
| Cairo Egypt | 06:41 | 07:47 | 09:03 | 63% | 22° | EEST |
| Seoul South Korea | 15:37 | 16:59 | 18:10 | 63% | 31° | KST |
| Beijing China | 14:15 | 15:46 | 17:03 | 58% | 42° | CST |
| Tianjin China | 14:19 | 15:48 | 17:04 | 57% | 41° | CST |
| Weifang China | 14:28 | 15:54 | 17:08 | 52% | 38° | CST |
| Shanghai China | 14:46 | 16:05 | 17:13 | 40% | 33° | CST |
| Nanjing China | 14:40 | 16:01 | 17:11 | 39% | 36° | CST |
| Hefei China | 14:38 | 16:00 | 17:10 | 37% | 38° | CST |
| Hangzhou China | 14:47 | 16:06 | 17:13 | 36% | 34° | CST |
| Xi’an China | 14:15 | 15:44 | 17:00 | 35% | 48° | CST |
| Wuhan China | 14:37 | 15:58 | 17:07 | 31% | 41° | CST |
| Chengdu China | 14:15 | 15:40 | 16:52 | 22% | 54° | CST |
| Chongqing China | 14:26 | 15:47 | 16:56 | 21% | 50° | CST |
| Lahore Pakistan | 09:33 | 10:55 | 12:26 | 20% | 73° | PKT |
| Dongguan China | 15:07 | 16:09 | 17:03 | 12% | 38° | CST |
| Guangzhou China | 15:06 | 16:08 | 17:03 | 12% | 39° | CST |
| Shenzhen China | 15:09 | 16:10 | 17:03 | 12% | 37° | CST |
| Delhi India | 10:18 | 11:33 | 12:53 | 11% | 78° | IST |
| Karachi Pakistan | 09:20 | 10:22 | 11:32 | 9.5% | 61° | PKT |
| Dhaka Bangladesh | 12:21 | 13:03 | 13:43 | 1.3% | 74° | UTC+6 |
United States, UK, Canada, Australia, Ireland, New Zealand
| City | Begins | Maximum | Ends | Covered | Sun | Zone |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anchorage Alaska, United States | 22:24 | sunset | at sunset | 22% | 0° | AKDT |
| London England, United Kingdom | 05:25 | 06:21 | 07:22 | 48% | 12° | BST |
| Birmingham England, United Kingdom | 05:28 | 06:23 | 07:23 | 45% | 11° | BST |
| Sheffield England, United Kingdom | 05:29 | 06:25 | 07:24 | 44% | 12° | BST |
| Leeds England, United Kingdom | 05:30 | 06:25 | 07:24 | 44% | 12° | BST |
| Manchester England, United Kingdom | 05:30 | 06:25 | 07:24 | 44% | 12° | BST |
| Liverpool England, United Kingdom | 05:30 | 06:25 | 07:24 | 43% | 11° | BST |
| Edinburgh Scotland, United Kingdom | 05:35 | 06:29 | 07:27 | 40% | 13° | BST |
| Glasgow Scotland, United Kingdom | 05:35 | 06:29 | 07:27 | 40% | 12° | BST |
| Waterford Ireland | 05:31 | 06:24 | 07:21 | 42% | 8° | IST |
| Cork Ireland | 05:31 | 06:24 | 07:21 | 42% | 8° | IST |
| Dublin Ireland | 05:32 | 06:26 | 07:23 | 41% | 10° | IST |
| Tallaght Ireland | 05:32 | 06:26 | 07:23 | 41% | 9° | IST |
| Drogheda Ireland | 05:33 | 06:26 | 07:23 | 41% | 10° | IST |
| Limerick Ireland | 05:33 | 06:26 | 07:22 | 41% | 8° | IST |
| Dundalk Ireland | 05:33 | 06:27 | 07:24 | 40% | 10° | IST |
| Galway Ireland | 05:34 | 06:27 | 07:22 | 40% | 8° | IST |
Each city links to its own page with every eclipse it will see.
Eye safety
Weather
We do not forecast the weather, and no one can this far ahead. Whether you see it will depend on the clouds on the day: check a local forecast a few days before and be ready to travel to a clearer sky. For long-term cloud statistics along eclipse paths, see the climatology by meteorologist Jay Anderson at eclipsophile.com.
Questions
Where is the annular solar eclipse of June 1, 2030 visible?
The path of annularity crosses Libya, Algeria, Tunisia, Malta, Greece, Turkey, Ukraine, Russia, Kazakhstan, China and Japan. A partial eclipse is visible from all of Europe and parts of Africa and Asia.
Where is the annular phase longest?
Near greatest eclipse (57°, 80°) it lasts 5 min 21 s. Of the cities over 100,000 people, Seversk, Russia gets the longest, 5 min 20 s, from 13:33 UTC+7.
Can I see it from the United States?
Yes, as a partial eclipse from 1 of our 520 US cities. The most is in Anchorage, AK: 22% of the Sun covered.
Is it safe to look at?
Protect your eyes. An annular eclipse is never total: even at maximum a bright ring of Sun is left, and it is not safe to look at at any moment without a solar filter. Use eclipse glasses or a handheld viewer that meets the ISO 12312-2 standard, from a supplier on the American Astronomical Society's list. Sunglasses are not enough. Never look through a camera, binoculars or telescope without a proper solar filter on the front. How to watch safely
Will it be cloudy?
Nobody can say this far ahead. Check the forecast a few days before; for long-term cloud statistics along the path, see Jay Anderson's climatology at eclipsophile.com.
Eclipse predictions by Fred Espenak, NASA's GSFC: NASA Eclipse Web Site, Five Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses and Catalog of Lunar Eclipses (Espenak & Meeus): Besselian elements, path of totality tables and lunar contact times. City times are computed by us from those Besselian elements with the standard method (Meeus, Elements of Solar Eclipses), using a current estimate of ΔT (Earth-rotation correction) instead of the Canon's older extrapolation; they agree with NASA's own calculator to 0.1 s and with an independent Skyfield/JPL DE440 computation to within 15 s. Times are for sea level and ignore the lunar limb profile (a few seconds near the path edges). City coordinates: GeoNames (CC BY 4.0).